Trophoblasts

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The trophoblast from Greek trephein : to feed; and blastos : germinator is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans. After blastulation , the trophoblast is contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm. They become pluripotent stem cells. The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into two cell layers at approximately six days after fertilization for humans. Trophoblasts are specialized cells of the placenta that play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the decidualized maternal uterus.

Trophoblasts

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. As an essential component of the maternal-fetal interface, the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer contributes to a successful pregnancy by secreting hormones necessary for pregnancy, transporting nutrients, mediating gas exchange, balancing immune tolerance, and resisting pathogen infection. Notably, the deficiency in mononuclear trophoblast cells fusing into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Despite the availability of many models for the study of trophoblast fusion, there exists a notable disparity from the ideal model, limiting the deeper exploration into the placental development. Here, we reviewed the existing models employed for the investigation of human trophoblast fusion from several aspects, including the development history, latest progress, advantages, disadvantages, scope of application, and challenges. The literature searched covers the monolayer cell lines, primary human trophoblast, placental explants, human trophoblast stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional cell spheres, organoids, and placenta-on-a-chip from to These diverse models have significantly enhanced our comprehension of placental development regulation and the underlying mechanisms of placental-related disorders. Through this review, our objective is to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the existing trophoblast fusion models, making it easier to select most suitable models to address specific experimental requirements or scientific inquiries.

Evolutionary emergence of microRNAs in human embryonic stem cells. Topics : Trophoblasts BiologyEmbryology.

You can also search for this editor in PubMed Google Scholar. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check for access. This volume explores the latest approaches used to assess trophoblast angiogenesis, transport function, cellular respirations, migration, and invasion. The chapters in this book cover topics such as various methods to study and manipulate primary trophoblast cells; strategies using liposomes to deliver biomolecules to trophoblasts; in vitro models of the placenta that emulate the cellular interactions in the 3D uterine environment; and models exploring heterogenous cell types and 3D-organoid structures that represent cell-to-cell interactions in vivo. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Trophoblasts: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource that will help researchers better understand the function of the placenta and its complex contribution to maternal health and fetal development, and also provide greater insights to the area of study known as the developmental origins of health and diseases DoHaD.

Federal government websites often end in. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf. Wang Y, Zhao S. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Hofbauer cells synthesize VEGF and other proangiogenic factors that initiate vasculogenesis in the placenta; and 3 fetal vascular cells that include vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells pericytes , and endothelial cells. Trophoblasts from Greek to feed: threphein are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provides nutrients to the embryo, and develops into a large part of the placenta.

Trophoblasts

Trophoblasts are the outer layer of cells that provide nutrients to the embryo and form part of the placenta. Trophoblasts from the Greek words trephein, to feed, and blastos, germinator are cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst. These cells provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. This layer of trophoblasts is also collectively referred to as the trophoblast, or, after gastrulation, the trophectoderm, as it is then contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo. Trophoblasts play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the endometrium of the maternal uterus following decidualization. The trophoblast is composed of two layers: an inner cytotrophoblast and an outer syncytiotrophoblast.

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In vivo VEGF induces angiogenesis and plays a central role in the regulation of vasculogenesis. Unfortunately, most existing models do not adequately consider this critical factor. Human naive epiblast cells possess unrestricted lineage potential. Flow cytometry allows analysis of the frequency of subpopulations, providing another advantage of screening the HLA class I profile of putative trophoblast cells. Modeling preeclampsia using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Differ. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Related Items in Bookshelf. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. This volume explores the latest approaches used to assess trophoblast angiogenesis, transport function, cellular respirations, migration, and invasion. Note the relation of syncytiotrophoblasts and fetal capillaries. Consequently, unraveling the regulatory mechanisms governing signal transduction from the maternal-fetal microenvironment to the intracellular signaling network offers promise in constructing a spontaneous fusion model that closely resembles in vivo conditions.

The trophoblast from Greek trephein : to feed; and blastos : germinator is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans.

Follow NCBI. Open questions How to confirm the heterogeneity between syncytiotrophoblast in different periods of pregnancy. These cells are considered to be stem cells for syncytiotrophoblasts. Syncytin-A knockout mice demonstrate the critical role in placentation of a fusogenic, endogenous retrovirus-derived, envelope gene. Differentiation of human trophoblast populations involves alterations in cytokeratin patterns. In the placenta, pericyte function is poorly understood. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Induction of trophoblast cell fusion by a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. Calponin 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in trophoblastic cell fusion. Development of cytotrophoblast columns from explanted first-trimester human placental villi: role of fibronectin and integrin alpha5beta1. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. Stem Cell Rev Rep. Another possible candidate for defining trophoblast is the expression of specific non-protein-coding microRNAs miRNAs , in particular the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster C19MC that is located in the leukocyte receptor complex on chromosome 19q Establishment and differentiation of long-term trophoblast organoid cultures from the human placenta. Syncytial knots increase with the development of the placenta and are more common in pathological pregnancies with complications such as PE, FGR, and stillbirth.