Peroxynitrite

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Peroxynitrite can be prepared by the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide : [1] [2] [3]. It is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with nitrite : [4]. It is reactive toward DNA and proteins. It is these radicals carbonate radical and nitrogen dioxide that are believed to cause peroxynitrite-related cellular damage. Its conjugate acid peroxynitrous acid is highly reactive, although peroxynitrite is stable in basic solutions. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.

Peroxynitrite

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The direct reaction is relatively slow, so protection is ascribed to reaction peroxynitrite peroxynitrite-derived radicals.

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide NO has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion.

Peroxynitrite

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Peroxynitrite is the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Peroxynitrite, a reactive short-lived peroxide with a p K a of 6. It also yields secondary free radical intermediates such as nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radicals. Much of nitric oxide- and superoxide-dependent cytotoxicity resides on peroxynitrite, which affects mitochondrial function and triggers cell death via oxidation and nitration reactions. Peroxynitrite is an endogenous toxicant but is also a cytotoxic effector against invading pathogens.

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Ames B. How the radicals do the job. Indeed, early experiments demonstrated the cytotoxic capacity of peroxynitrite toward Escherichia coli 76 and Trypanosoma cruzi 77 , which was later extended to several other pathogens. Infobox references. Then, MnP protect mitochondria from peroxynitrite-mediated toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. At the cellular level, a prime locus related to the formation, reactions, and effects of peroxynitrite is represented by the mitochondrion This process is largely observed in vivo under inflammatory conditions. Scott; Sagan, Elisabeth S. Nathan C. PMC

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Nitrated and oxidized T. ISBN In the case of aryl boronates, the corresponding phenols are the major final products. Another type of reaction in which peroxynitrite can evolve to secondary oxidants involves its interaction with transition metal centers. Nucleophilic addition of peroxynitrite anion to CO 2 yields an unstable intermediate that undergoes homolysis 35 , 36 , Glutathionyl radicals can be formed from peroxynitrite-derived radicals. With respect to synthetic molecules that are effective against peroxynitrite in vitro and in vivo , MnP deserve special attention. The remarkable velocity for peroxiredoxin reactions with peroxynitrite Table 1 extended earlier observations for H 2 O 2 30 ; the molecular determinants of such reactivity are under scrutiny but seem to depend of the stabilization of the enzyme-activated complex Franco M. We have found that the preferential nitration of cytochrome by peroxynitrite-derived radicals in one of the solvent-exposed tyrosine residues Tyr leads to a conformational change that causes the displacement of the sixth ligand to the heme Met and a gain in peroxidase activity 67 ; the conformational change induced by nitration in cells also facilitates its translocation to the cytosol even in non-apoptotic cells Denicola A. Clair D. Pattison D.