Histone acetylation

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology volume 18Article number: 84 Cite this article. Metrics details. Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that changes chromatin architecture histone acetylation regulates gene expression by opening or closing the chromatin structure.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Atherosclerosis, which is the most common chronic disease of the coronary artery, constitutes a vascular pathology induced by inflammation and plaque accumulation within arterial vessel walls. Both DNA methylation and histone modifications are epigenetic changes relevant for atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that the DNA methylation and histone modification systems are closely interrelated and mechanically dependent on each other. Herein, we explore the functional linkage between these systems, with a particular emphasis on several recent findings suggesting that histone acetylation can help in targeting DNA methylation and that DNA methylation may control gene expression during atherosclerosis.

Histone acetylation

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The organization of eukaryotic chromatin has a major impact on all nuclear processes involving DNA substrates. Gene expression is affected by the positioning of individual nucleosomes relative to regulatory sequence elements, by the folding of the nucleosomal fiber into higher-order structures and by the compartmentalization of functional domains within the nucleus. Because site-specific acetylation of nucleosomal histones influences all three aspects of chromatin organization, it is central to the switch between permissive and repressive chromatin structure. The targeting of enzymes that modulate the histone acetylation status of chromatin, in synergy with the effects mediated by other chromatin remodeling factors, is central to gene regulation. It soon became apparent that many aspects of chromatin structure could be explained by interactions between nucleosomal histones and DNA, neighboring nucleosomes and non-histone proteins. The N-termini of the extensively studied histones H4 and H3 are among the most highly conserved sequences in eukaryotes. Although rather short 19 and 26 amino acids, respectively , their documented and suspected interactions suggest central roles for these domains in chromatin structure and function. Post-translational modifications of conserved tail amino acids, notably phosphorylation, methylation and acetylation, modulate the interaction potential of the tail domains, and hence influence the folding and functional state of the chromatin fiber Grunstein, ; Howe et al. With the identification of transcription activators and co-activators as dedicated histone acetyltransferases HATs , it became possible to document the relationships between histone acetylation and gene activation in many cases Sterner and Berger, ; Chen et al. Without exception, multi-protein assemblies determine the functions, substrate specificities and targeting of integral HAT subunits Wolffe and Hayes, ; Nakatani, ; Ogryzko, The acetylation of histones, and hence all effects on structure, can be reversed by dedicated histone deacetylases HDACs , and many repression phenomena involve histone deacetylation Khochbin et al. Thus, the interplay between HDACs and HATs results in dynamic transitions in chromatin structure and, hence, in switches between activity states. The functional importance of the HATs and HDACs is highlighted by the fundamental regulatory roles that they have in developmental processes, and by the fact that their deregulation has been linked to the progression of cancers e.

Besides these, HATs also include many steroid receptor co-activators [ 323536 ].

Histone acetylation is highly conserved across eukaryotes and has been linked to gene activation since its discovery nearly 60 years ago. Over the past decades, histone acetylation has been evidenced to play crucial roles in plant development and response to various environmental cues. In this review, we briefly describe the discovery of histone acetylation, the mechanism of histone acetylation regulating transcription in yeast and mammals, and summarize the research progress of plant histone acetylation. Furthermore, we also emphasize the effect of histone acetylation on seed development and its potential use in plant breeding. A comprehensive knowledge of histone acetylation might provide new and more flexible research perspectives to enhance crop yield and stress resistance. To fit inside the nucleus, DNA must be compacted in multiple orders, the first being the nucleosome, the repetitive unit of DNA wrapped along histones.

Endothelial cell EC , consisting of the innermost cellular layer of all types of vessels, is not only a barrier composer but also performing multiple functions in physiological processes. Therefore, endothelial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Growing pieces of evidence suggest that histone protein acetylation, an epigenetic mark, is altered in ECs under different conditions, and the acetylation status change at different lysine sites on histone protein plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction and involved in hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammatory disease, cancer and so on. In this review, we highlight the importance of histone acetylation in regulating endothelial functions and discuss the roles of histone acetylation across the transcriptional unit of protein-coding genes in ECs under different disease-related pathophysiological processes. Since histone acetylation changes are conserved and reversible, the knowledge of histone acetylation in endothelial function regulation could provide insights to develop epigenetic interventions in preventing or treating endothelial dysfunction-related diseases. Endothelial cells ECs , mostly in the inner layer of blood vessels are co-existing with ever-changing environmental conditions, such as fluid shear stress, fluctuations of blood pressure, glucose and cytokines, nutrition availability, as well as pollutant molecules Potente and Makinen, ; Sturtzel, Sensitive response to rapid changes in both internal and external cues is essential for ECs to maintain cellular homeostasis. Histone post-translational modifications PTMs represent crucial epigenetic mechanisms governing the ability of ECs in response to intracellular and extracellular stimuli. To date, more than different histone modifications have been detected by mass spectrometry or specific antibodies Choudhary et al.

Histone acetylation

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Lysine acetylation is a widespread and versatile protein post-translational modification. Lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases catalyse the addition or removal, respectively, of acetyl groups at both histone and non-histone targets. Histone acetylation and non-histone protein acetylation influence a myriad of cellular and physiological processes, including transcription, phase separation, autophagy, mitosis, differentiation and neural function.

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Proc Natl Acad Sci. Endometrial reconstruction from stem cells. With the identification of transcription activators and co-activators as dedicated histone acetyltransferases HATs , it became possible to document the relationships between histone acetylation and gene activation in many cases Sterner and Berger, ; Chen et al. However, there are very few studies explaining the role of histone acetylation and individual HDACs in endometrial stages and cell types. Bloch K , Borek E. In turn, deacetylated histones are associated with transcriptional repression. USA 93 , — MOF also influences spermatogenesis in mice as it is involved in the expansion of H2AX phosphorylation during the leptotene to pachytene stages of meiosis. Zhou et al. Chanfreau ed. Change institution. They are highly regenerative stem cells that have similar properties to bone marrow MSCs [ 56 ]. Hecht, A. Experiments investigating acetylation patterns of H4 histones suggested that these modification patterns are collectively maintained in mitosis and meiosis in order to modify long-term gene expression.

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Read Edit View history. Introduction The human endometrium is a dynamic tissue. Philadelphia: Content Repository Only! Gene expression is affected by the positioning of individual nucleosomes relative to regulatory sequence elements, by the folding of the nucleosomal fiber into higher-order structures and by the compartmentalization of functional domains within the nucleus. K4 methylation activates gene expression. Without exception, multi-protein assemblies determine the functions, substrate specificities and targeting of integral HAT subunits Wolffe and Hayes, ; Nakatani, ; Ogryzko, Front Oncol. Natural heritable epi-alleles are useful breeding resources, but they have not been created and mined fast enough to meet current crop breeding needs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. In the process of macrophage differentiation, macrophages are polarized from alternatively activated M2 to classically activated M1. Conserved and plant-specific histone acetyltransferase complexes cooperate to regulate gene transcription and plant development. Table 2. Because it has been assumed that epigenetic changes are closely related with atherosclerosis, we will discuss the effects of histone acetylation on atherosclerosis.