Adipokines

Federal government websites often end in, adipokines. The site is adipokines. The worldwide epidemic of obesity has brought cons iderable attention to research aimed at understanding the biology of adipocytes fat cells and the events occurring in adipose tissue fat and in the bodies of obese individuals. Accumulating evidence indicates adipokines obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation and that this contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction that is associated with obesity-linked disorders.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Besides its role as an energy storage organ, adipose tissue can be viewed as a dynamic and complex endocrine organ, which produces and secretes several adipokines, including hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix ECM proteins, and growth and vasoactive factors. A wide body of evidence showed that adipokines play a critical role in various biological and physiological functions, among which feeding modulation, inflammatory and immune function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and blood pressure control. These adipokines are able to modulate body weight, appetite, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and blood pressure Hida et al. On the other hand, hormones produced in different organs, such as the gut and the cardiovascular system, are integrated in a complex network centered in adipose tissue Kershaw and Flier, ; Galic et al.

Adipokines

The adipokines , or adipocytokines Greek adipo- , fat; cytos- , cell; and -kinos , movement are cytokines cell signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome , a constellation of diseases including, but not limited to, type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. Type of cytokines secreted by adipose tissue. ImmunoTargets and Therapy. PMC PMID A complex hub among inflammation, metabolism, and immunity". Proteomics: Clinical Applications. S2CID

Shimomura, I, adipokines. Overexpression of SPARC modulates the expression levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines involved in insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism during adipogenesis Shen et al.

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims to analyze the role of adipokines in health and disease in order to understand the important functions and effects of these cytokines. For this aim, the present review delves into the type of adipocytes and the cytokines produced, as well as their functions; the relations of adipokines in inflammation and different diseases such as cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, mental diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, and eating behaviors; and finally, the role of microbiota, nutrition, and physical activity in adipokines is discussed. This information would allow for a better understanding of these important cytokines and their effects on body organisms. Adipokines are bioactive molecules secreted by adipose tissue that have various effects on health and disease. They play important roles in regulating metabolism, inflammation, immunity, cardiovascular function, and cancer. However, adipokine dysregulation can contribute to obesity-related disorders [ 1 ].

Adipokines

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Adipose tissue has traditionally been defined as connective tissue that stores excess calories in the form of triacylglycerol. However, the physiologic functions attributed to adipose tissue are expanding, and it is now well established that adipose tissue is an endocrine gland.

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Loss of resistin improves glucose homeostasis in leptin deficiency. Peptides 32 — Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue. Rheumatic Diseases In rheumatic disease, CTRP6 was found to regulate the activation of the complement system and its gene knock down worsens joint pathology in a mouse model of RA Murayama et al. Chen, G. IL overexpression promotes vascular inflammation and remodeling in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Similarly, the identification of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 PAI1 , an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, as an adipokine that is strongly upregulated in visceral adipose depots in obesity 15 suggested a mechanistic link between obesity and thrombotic disorders. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat: possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity. Association of serum retinol-binding protein 4 and visceral adiposity in Chinese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Rupnick, M. SFRP5 is expressed at high levels in mouse white adipose tissue 25 but is downregulated in the adipose tissues of various obese rodents, as well as in the visceral adipose tissue of obese individuals with adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.

Obesity represents one of the most important health problems worldwide with increasing morbidity and mortality. Widespread prevalence of this disease justifies its actual definition of a "global epidemic". Adipose tissue is nowadays considered a complex organ with lots of endocrine and metabolic functions.

Association of low adiponectin levels with the metabolic syndrome. Download references. Thus, it is becoming increasingly evident that intercellular communication within adipose tissue is required for normal metabolic function. Adiponectin protects against the development of systolic dysfunction following myocardial infarction. Conflicting reports were published on serum vaspin levels in rheumatic diseases. Kaser, S. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin: anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Abstract The worldwide epidemic of obesity has brought considerable attention to research aimed at understanding the biology of adipocytes fat cells and the events occurring in adipose tissue fat and in the bodies of obese individuals. Zhu M, et al.